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"Amazon.com (Firm)"
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Amazon's Antitrust Paradox
Amazon is the titan of twenty-first century commerce. In addition to being a retailer, it is now a marketing platform, a delivery and logistics network, a payment service, a credit lender, an auction house, a major book publisher, a producer of television and films, a fashion designer, a hardware manufacturer, and a leading host of cloud server space. Although Amazon has clocked staggering growth, it generates meager profits, choosing to price below-cost and expand widely instead. Through this strategy, the company has positioned itself at the center of ecommerce and now serves as essential infrastructure for a host of other businesses that depend upon it. Elements of the firm's structure and conduct pose anticompetitive concerns—yet it has escaped antitrust scrutiny. This Note argues that the current framework in antitrust—specifically its pegging competition to \"consumer welfare,\" defined as short-term price effects—is unequipped to capture the architecture of market power in the modern economy. We cannot cognize the potential harms to competition posed by Amazon's dominance if we measure competition primarily through price and output. Specifically, current doctrine underappreciates the risk of predatory pricing and how integration across distinct business lines may prove anticompetitive. These concerns are heightened in the context of online platforms for two reasons. First, the economics of platform markets create incentives for a company to pursue growth over profits, a strategy that investors have rewarded. Under these conditions, predatory pricing becomes highly rational—even as existing doctrine treats it as irrational and therefore implausible. Second, because online platforms serve as critical intermediaries, integrating across business lines positions these platforms to control the essential infrastructure on which their rivals depend. This dual role also enables a platform to exploit information collected on companies using its services to undermine them as competitors. This Note maps out facets of Amazon's dominance. Doing so enables us to make sense of its business strategy, illuminates anticompetitive aspects of Amazon's structure and conduct, and underscores deficiencies in current doctrine. The Note closes by considering two potential regimes for addressing Amazon's power: restoring traditional antitrust and competition policy principles or applying common carrier obligations and duties.
Journal Article
Amazon Web Services in action
\"The largest and most mature of the cloud platforms, AWS offers over 100 prebuilt services, practically limitless compute resources, bottomless secure storage, as well as top-notch automation capabilities. This book shows you how to develop, host, and manage applications on AWS. Amazon Web Services in Action, Second Edition is a comprehensive introduction to deploying web applications in the AWS cloud. You'll find clear, relevant coverage of all essential AWS services, with a focus on automation, security, high availability, and scalability. This thoroughly revised edition covers the latest additions to AWS, including serverless infrastructure with AWS Lambda, sharing data with EFS, and in-memory storage with ElastiCache.\"--Back cover.
Book
Amazon : how the world's most relentless retailer will continue to revolutionize commerce
The retail industry is facing unprecedented challenges. Across all sectors and markets, retailers are shifting their business models and customer engagement strategies to ensure their survival. The rise of online shopping, and its primary player, Amazon, is at the heart of many of these changes and opportunities. Amazon explores the e-commerce giant's strategies, providing original insight at a time when the company is on the cusp of revolutionizing itself even further. Amazon's relentless dissatisfaction with the status quo is what makes it such an extraordinary retailer. This book explores whether Amazon has what it takes to become a credible grocery retailer, and as it transitions to bricks and mortar retailing, explores whether Amazon's stores can be as compelling as its online offering and if innovations such as voice technology, checkout-free stores and its Prime ecosystem will fundamentally change the way consumers shop. Written by industry leading retail analysts who have spent decades providing research-based analysis and opinion, Amazon analyzes the impact these initiatives will have on the wider retail sector and the lessons that can be learned from its unprecedented rise to dominance, as stores of the future become less about transactions and more about experiences.
Book
The Unexpected Role of Tax Salience in State Competition for Businesses
Competition among the states for mobile firms and the jobs and infrastructure they can bring is a well-known phenomenon. However, in recent years, a handful of states have added a mysterious new tool to their kit of incentives used in this competition. Unlike more traditional incentives, these new incentives—which this Article brands \"customer-based incentives\"—offer tax relief to a firm's customers rather than directly to the firm. The puzzle underlying customer-based incentives is that tax relief provided to the firm's customers would seem more difficult for the firm to capture than relief provided directly to the firm—strange, as a state's primary goal is to subsidize the firm's investment in the state.
After examining the emergence of this new form of incentive, this Article offers a novel explanation for its use and potential for success. Specifically, the Article argues that the effects of predictable consumer biases, particularly with respect to the salience of the tax relief provided by the incentives to consumers, cause customer-based incentives to differ substantively from traditional incentives in ways that are beneficial to both firms and states. Customer-based incentives thus present an example of how taxpayer behavior can influence the substantive effects of tax provisions, even causing two provisions with the same goal to differ on the ground. Taking these behavioral effects into account provides opportunities to increase the effectiveness of tax provisions.
Journal Article
Fast Fulfillment
Managers are frustrated just reading about how great Amazon is, and how startups are innovating fantastic technology driven processes. Here is the book, written in a simple easy to read style which unravels the technical mystery of the fulfillment machine. It levels the knowledge field, reveals the secrets of fast fulfillment, and helps the reader construct a plan to innovate and be ready to face the disruptors. This book provides insights and process details of how to design and build disruptive innovations, so that you are not flying blind or just throwing darts in an effort to pivot/expand to the online order fulfillment world.
eBook
AMAZON-INDUCED PRICE DISCRIMINATION UNDER THE ROBINSON–PATMAN ACT
As U.S. competition authorities ponder whether age-old antitrust laws should be modernized to apply to tech giants, a first-order question is: What existing antitrust laws apply to their conduct? A formerly formidable tool that has been defanged through lax enforcement is the Robinson–Patman Act (RPA). Passed by Congress in 1936, the RPA was drafted in response to a growing public concern that large chain stores were squeezing out small businesses. The RPA strengthened the Clayton Act’s prohibition of “secondary-line” price discrimination—that is, price discrimination by a wholesaler that favors some retailers over others. The FTC and DOJ, however, have been unwilling to enforce the RPA since the 1980s, as they have increasingly perceived the RPA’s protectionist bent as orthogonal to the consumer-welfare standard espoused by other federal antitrust laws. But enforcers could revive the RPA if there is political will. The Supreme Court, in its most recent RPA case, Volvo Trucks North America, Inc. v. Reeder-Simco GMC, Inc., reaffirmed some of the most important aspects of the RPA, which arguably goes much further to protect small businesses than any other existing antitrust law. This Comment examines how the RPA could potentially be applied to the modern-day giant retailer Amazon. While such a case would depend on the fact-specific allegations, this Comment explores arguments in support of a claim that Amazon, as a buyer, has induced wholesalers to price discriminate against smaller retailers. In doing so, this Comment also highlights some of the limitations of trying to apply antitrust laws to America’s largest online retailer.
Journal Article